Compare and Contrast Job Analysis and Competency Models

Ibid. or Op. Cit. Latin Terms in Academic Referencing

Ibid. or Op. Cit. Latin Terms in Academic Referencing Ibid. or Op. Cit.? Latin Terms in Academic Referencing We’ve written about the term â€Å"et al.† before. However, there are several other Latin terms we can use when referencing sources in an academic paper. In this post, we look at a few of the most common, including â€Å"ibid.,† â€Å"op. cit.† and â€Å"loc. cit.,† â€Å"passim,† and â€Å"cf.† 1. Ibid. (In the Same Place) One of the most widely used Latin terms in academic referencing is â€Å"ibid.† This is short for ibidem, which means â€Å"in the same place.† It is therefore used for repeat citations: 1. Danielle Ward, Any Questions? (London: DTRT Publishing, 2017), p. 30. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., p. 39-41. Here, for example, we have three footnotes that all cite the same source. We give the full source information in the first footnote. After that, we use â€Å"ibid.† in the next two footnotes to show that we’re citing the same source without having to write the publication information out again. In the second footnote, we use â€Å"ibid.† by itself to cite the exact same page as the previous citation. But in the third, we also give page numbers to show that we’re citing a different part of the same text. 2. Loc. Cit. and Op. Cit. (Repeat Citations) The Latin terms â€Å"loc. cit.† and â€Å"op. cit.† are also used for repeat citations, but each one has a specific function. â€Å"Loc. cit.† is an abbreviation of loco citato, which means â€Å"in the place cited.† It is used when citing the exact same part of a source as in a previous citation: 1. Danielle Ward, Any Questions? (London: DTRT Publishing, 2017), p. 30. 2. Loc. cit. Since it is only used for the same part of a text, you never need to give a page number with â€Å"loc. cit.† Meanwhile, â€Å"op. cit.† is short for opere citato, which translates as â€Å"in the work cited.† We use this when referring to a different part of the cited text: 1. Michael Legge, Precious Little (New York: Pod Books, 2015), p. 198. 2. Op. cit., p. 102. With these terms, if you cite other texts before returning to the one you are citing again, you should also include the author’s surname in the repeat citation to clarify which source you’re referencing. 3. Passim (Scattered Throughout) â€Å"Passim† comes from the Latin word passus, which meant â€Å"scattered.† We therefore use it to reference information that is scattered throughout a text: This usage of â€Å"democracy† is repeated throughout the text (Carlin, 2007, passim). Generally, it is better to give an exact citation if possible. But â€Å"passim† can be used if you want to point to relevant information that appears in many different parts of a source. 4. Cf. (Comparisons) The term â€Å"cf.† is short for conferatum. This translates as â€Å"compare,† so we use â€Å"cf.† when we want to highlight a text for comparison: The approach adopted by Robins (2002) is a striking contrast to those used by their predecessors (cf. Blackburn, 1974). In this case, for instance, we’re using â€Å"cf.† to suggest a contrast between Robins and Blackburn. A Final Note Keep in mind that different referencing systems prefer different Latin terms! If you’re not sure which of these to use in your work, remember to check your college style guide first.

Close reading a poem and thesis-driven essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Close reading a poem and thesis-driven - Essay Example Using various literary devices, Dickinson follows stepwise the deadness or the feeling that is experienced when a terrible incident happens. In this poem, the emotional pain was discussed. Indeed, numbness is initially experienced before one feels that pain. An illustration that can describe this situation better is the electric circuit breaker. Excess electric current causes the circuit breaker to trip and eventually cuts off the electricity so that the connected devices are not blown up. In the same manner, the excess anguish will trigger the emotional circuit breaker that is numbness temporarily so that we don’t experience pain. The experience may be encountered by some of us or are undoubtedly bound to be experienced some time in future. In stanza 1 of the poem, the use of alliteration has been identified to emphasize a specified aspect. For example, the f sound in line 1 and the subsequent stanzas, the s sound is used. â€Å"Heart† and â€Å"He† sounds are tied together by H sounds. In the subsequent verses, the alliteration is also identified but sometimes only two words are used. In this poem, there is no speaker, no â€Å"1†. Dehumanization of the sufferer occurs until the last two lines. In line 1, the victim is taken as the object. In this sense, â€Å"formal feeling† is the work on him or her. He or she is passive and submissive in a way that there is no freedom of defense during the period when pain is being subjected. The description of the sufferer is in terms of body parts in the form of the heart, the nerves, and the feet. Additionally, the gender of the victim is not revealed. One might wonder whether depersonalization is a technique of portraying the emotional numbness. In t he description of this poem, I decide to give gender to the sufferer, and hence I take it to be a female. It is to reduce or technically remove the constant repetition of using â€Å"sufferer† or â€Å"he or she.† Enjambment used in

Assignment 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Assignment 1 - Essay Example Recently, inclusion is seen as a social concept of equality. According to Early Childhood Forum (2003), National Childrens Bureau in UK, "ECF believes inclusion is a process of identifying, understanding and breaking down the barriers to participation and belonging." It is a as a process of including ALL children regardless of the condition or experience of a child. Inclusion is a term which expresses commitment to educate each child, to the maximum extent appropriate, in the school and classroom he or she would otherwise attend. All services must be given to the child in the school setting and he or she does not need to go out. The children’s centre I know about seems to adhere to the lower right quadrant of Jenkins (2002) continuum-based model of inclusive education. True enough, the school attempts an inclusive program however, resource allocation hinders true implementation of their goals. The school was originally planned as a preschool for regular children. However, as its reputation as a provider of quality early childhood education, it has likewise attracted parents of special needs children to seek their services to include their children in their program. For some children, they were enrolled initially as toddlers, and as time passed, manifested their special needs, prompting the school administrator to recommend them for professional testing and diagnosis. Like the teachers in Jenkins’ article, the ones in this school were not trained for special education. They were all regular education teachers but had very open hearts for all children, especially those with special needs. As they admitted their lack of training, they agreed to include special needs children in their roster of students on the condition that the parents will coordinate the communication between them and the special education therapists their children go to. At least once a month, there was a multidisciplinary meeting between the teachers and the

Correction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Correction - Essay Example oad majority of civil rights granted by the Bill of Rights and other fundamental determinants of United States law must be upheld in both the case of the general population and prisoners. One of the first and most important of these rights is with relation to the eighth amendment. In short, the eighth amendment prohibits the United States government from posting excessive bail or utilizing â€Å"cruel or unusual punishment† as a means of punishing/rehabilitating a particular criminal offense. This is perhaps the most important right and privilege of all as it was further defined by the Supreme Court in 1848 to preclude any form of inhumane treatment; of two and inclusive of those inhumane treatments that might not be capital in nature. This understanding has been upheld by subsequent courts such as the supreme court of Massachusetts which found that the state had violated the Eighth Amendment by keeping prisoners in an antiquated prison infested with rodents and insects (Owers, 2010). Although not specified within the Bill of Rights or elsewhere throughout the law, it is generally understood and upheld by the Supreme Court, and other courts for that matter, that prisoners should have the reasonable expectation of being free from abuse and/or exploitation; referenced in a 1996 Supreme Court case in which sexually abused female inmates were allowed a monetary payout as a result of a systemic program of abuse in one Missouri prison

Gender Issues in the Workplace

Gender Issues in the Workplace Introduction This paper seeks to define what is meant by gender issues in the workplace in relation to underlying tensions, indirect prejudice and unfair practices which often are perceived but continue without full recognition or sufficient direct management of the problem. It proposes to question pre conceived notions of success based on qualities such as ability and skill and rather seeks to uncover the more tacit business environment; known but never fully appreciated in relation to career advancement and company progression. A number of conflicting theories proposed by both feminist scholars and male business analysts exist on this subject which makes it both a complicated and contentious discussion. It is also one that can justify the way in which workplace failings and successes can be interpreted from a number of angles where gender bias is concerned; politically, psychologically, socially and academically. Typically gender inequality is a much deeper perception involving social hierarchys and preconceived notions of what men and women are capable of in terms of leadership and management. It is important to distinguish what is traditionally meant by advantage and disadvantage in an organizational setting and in the context of gender. Some examples might include; an employer may not hire, promote or wrongfully terminate an employee based on his or her gender, or that an employers pay is unequally based on gender, some employers show discrimination towards pregnant female workers, female employees are passed over for promotion in favour of more junior, less-qualified male co-workers. (Sahu, 2009) However looking at discrimination in its broader sense there is a widely held argument that as white and male it is easy to become invisible in society; to go unacknowledged and unrecognized, but once visible as a consequence of being labeled as say black, homosexual, a woman†¦individuals ca n adopt a greater empowerment just by being different (Robinson, 2000, Phelan, 2008, Haraway, 1999) In 1994 a popular American journal, Business Week published an article which stipulated; White, male and worried: White men still dominate corporate America. But in companies with aggressive diversity programs they are beginning to feel angry and resentful. What should companies do? (Burke and Black, 1997: 933-942) From such theorizing it is possible to engage with the notion that perhaps by being ‘invisible this can perpetuate both political and social exclusion. World Modern History since the 1960s has witnessed the rise of Civil Rights, womens liberation, gay liberation and a more growing acceptance of diversity has resulted in the decentralization of the white male (Robinson,2000 :2) and a culmination of all these things could be attributed to a crisis in masculinity of sorts. In contrast Virginia Schein et al propose that men and women do not lead or manage any differently in the work environment, but that they are perceived in different ways and that effectiveness as a male in a leadership role is something which is automatically attributed to them. Whereas women who exhibit the same behaviours as men are not judged as being as authoritative or having the same skills, because this is what we traditionally perceive inherently about men and women. (Sinclair, 2005:25) And just as peopl e can make themselves invisible in the work environment, so too can they make themselves visible. Being ‘visible represents a tangible ‘surface state, one in which someone can be seen to be visibly being excluded or different. At a deeper more conceptual level then there is a power to become ‘invisible, often as a consequence of trying to attain the male norm. (Simpson and Lewis, 2005:1253-1275) Caution however must be exacted when considering these theories which could also be used as a means to essentially make excuses for racist or prejudice practices in the workplace. (Pierce, 2003:53-70) Other theorists of invisibility consider this to be a covert way of preventing either women or black co-workers to progress. That the ‘backlash felt by white male men is actually a means to subjugate ‘minorities in the work place even further. Scholars such as Nicholson conform to theories such as the Patriarchal culture which is instilled in men and women through a process of socialization from a very early age. For example that men are better than women in sport, or that men make better surgeons etc. (Nicolson, 1996:108) There is a definite counter-argument where some previous traditional theories of invisibility have evolved. For example some research determines that men have become to think of themselves as being without gender, largely because they are oblivious to, or choose to ignore that invisibility generates inequality. Thus the invisibility of gender experienced by men generates the inequalities that are constrained by gender. That essentially many men are in possession; for whatever reason, of a number of structural privileges and power within the organizations that they work in and that by confronting their participation in maintaining inequality between themselves and women, that they should take responsibility for liberating themselves rather than blaming their problems on women. (McKay, 1997:11) Many men continue to disregard the notion of male privilege creating an invisibility of the problem itself. The more this invisibility is encouraged the more gender problems will continue to esc alate. (Johnson, 2005:157) Basically there is a strong argument to suggest the very fact that men in the workplace are perpetuating patriarchy and gender inequality, is because they are in denial of it and therefore the problem itself becomes invisible. Issues remain across all ‘minority workplace discriminations. Barriers continue to exist despite western laws on equal opportunities and fair working practices. Essentially there should be no barriers to succeeding. And yet for black, disabled, gay, women or other traditionally marginalized workers there continues to be a significant problem where acquiring progressive job positions exists, indicating that there are a number of unseen issues and opinions being made below the surface and continue to remain invisible. (Hesse-Biber and Carter, 2005:75-78) A recent research study of female engineers in the work environment was conducted in an attempt to illuminate this complex ‘in/visibility paradox. The women engineers could be seen to be at once both ‘visible as women but ‘invisible as engineers. This contradiction then adds yet another element to the discussion, but also helps to explain why it is difficult to retain women in engineering roles. Their ‘invisibility as engineers can be attributed to the fact that they require considerable effort to be taken seriously in this particular job, thus undermining their overall confidence. As ‘visible women they face enormous contradictory pressures to ‘become one of the lads, whilst maintaining their femininity and these in/visibility dynamics get taken for granted at the same time as building a cumulative and problematic outcome, not least because they are subtle and taken for granted. (Faulkner, 2009:169-189) Similarly another recent relevant journal article relays the findings of a small-scale project which involved a study of men who moved over into what has traditionally been considered ‘womens work. One immediate outcome apparent in all ten men was experiencing the challenges of feeling emasculated and having their masculinity queried in a number of ways and in a variety of situations. The way in which the men managed these challenges is particularly interesting as they all attempted to maintain their masculinity and their traditional persona associated with masculinity by distancing themselves from their female co-workers. (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002:204-226) Thus potentially making themselves ‘invisible to the situation. This provides some further interesting light on the notion of visibility and invisibility in organizational structures. That men resolutely continue to re-enforce their gender and identity regardless of whether it is challenged or not, but in such a way that they make themselves invisible in the process. Might this then suggest that men will go to any lengths to maintain their dominant gender, even when they are performing those roles traditionally considered ‘womens work? Whilst it may also represent juxtaposition for the behaviour of women, often criticized in the work place for their defensiveness or ruthless behaviour. Perhaps women in turn are masking their femininity in a bid to be taken seriously or remain ‘invisible as they feel threatened by the challenges men pose. Conclusion What can be concluded from this complicated analysis is that it still remains difficult to determine whether invisibility exists, or whether it is a means of simply not seeing or acknowledging gender differentiation. Are male workers unaware of the fact that they are inherently patriarchal, or is it women who continue to see them in this way as they traditionally remain challenged and psychologically subjugated by their male co-workers? This might then suggest that there is no real suppression of gender taking place in organizations, but rather most women and men are defensive about their jobs and careers. This is a highly problematic area that continues to demand further research and a ‘rethinking of gender stereotypes for both management and workers generally. (Mavin et al, 2004:293-303) What is apparent from this study is the degree with which both men and women ‘play out their insecurities whilst both hiding and exposing elements of visibility and invisibility depending on the circumstances. Invisibility, as has also been outlined in this document poses a much wider conceptual problem. The problem of barriers that exist not just with individuals but with whole organizations, those that choose to promote the types of people they consider suitable to the organization itself and therefore creating their own invisible discriminatory practices. A complex system of psychological interactions can impact on the way in which people generally make themselves visible or invisible within an organization. There are many contributing factors, some of which have been explored throughout this document and many of which require considerable future research. It is clear that gender based priviledge exists. This is a reality in terms of the statistics which reflect the number of men in positions of power in contrast with the often lower salaried lesser roles adopted by women. But as to whether who is putting who at a disadvantage may be dependent on a whole series of contributory factors such as the culture and size of the organization itself, the way in which the individuals working in that organisation have been socialized and what values and expectations they have been encouraged to appreciate from birth. Bibliography Burke, R, J, Black, S (1997) Save the Males: Backlash in Organisations, Journal of Business Ethics, Volume 16 Cross, S. and Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls Jobs for the Boys? Men, Masculinity and Non-Traditional Occupations, Gender Work and Organization, Volume 9, Issue 2 Faulkner (2009) Doing gender in engineering workplace cultures. II. Gender in/authority and the in/visibility paradox, Engineering Studies, Volume 1, Issue 3 Haraway, D (1999) Gender, Race and nature in the World of Modern science: Routledge and Kegan Paul Hesse-Biber, S, N, Carter, G, L (2005) Working Women in America: Oxford University Press. Johnson, A, G (2005) The Gender Knot: unraveling our patriarchal legacy: Temple University Press Lewis and Simpson, (2010) Revealing and Concealing Gender: Visibility in Gender and Organization Research: Palgrave Macmillan Mavin, S, Bryans, P, Waring, T (2004) Gender on the agenda 2: unlearning gender blindness in management education, Women in management Review, Volume 19, Issue 6 McKay (1997) Managing gender: affirmative action and organizational power in Australian, Canadian and New Zealand Sport: SUNY Press Nicolson, (1996) Gender, power and organization: a psychological perspective: Routledge Phelan, P (1993) Unmarked: The Politics of Performance: Routledge Pierce, J.L. (2003) Racing for Innocence: Whiteness, Corporate Culture and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action, Qualitative Sociology, Volume 26, Issue 1 Robinson, S. (2000) Introduction: Visibility, Crisis and the Wounded White Male Body in Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis: Columbia University Press Sahu, R, K (2009) Gender Discrimination in the Work Place, Internet article available from: http://www.scribd.com/doc/22571816/Gender-Discrimination-in-Work-Place, date accessed, 13/01/10 Simpson, R. and Lewis, P. (2005) An investigation of silence and a scrutiny of transparency: Re-examining gender in organization literature through the Concepts of Voice and Visibility, Human Relations, Volume 58, Issue 10 Sinclair, A (2005) Doing leadership differently; gender, power and sexuality in a changing business culture: Melbourne University Press

Free College Essays - Salingers Style in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters :: Raise High the Roof Beam Carpenters Essays

Salinger's Style in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters  Ã‚   Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters  Ã‚   J.D. Salinger exhibits a unique and interesting style throughout his many short stories. Salinger's use of language is what distinguishes him from many of the writers in his time (Kazin 296). Salinger is an expert at using the language of his stories to convey emotion to the reader. There is never a leisurely moment in a Salinger short story as he keeps the reader's attention through his excessive use of details. The excessive use of detail is a primary way that Salinger keeps his reader interested in his stories (Kazin 296). At all times in the story Salinger describes something. A prime example of the excessive use of detail is the following: She drew aside the curtain and leaned her wrist on one of the crosspieces between panes, but, feeling grit, she removed it, rubbed it clean with her other hand, and stood by more erectly. Outside, the filthy slush was visibly turning to ice. Mary Jane let go the curtain and wandered back to the blue chair, passing two heavily stocked bookcases without glancing at any of the titles. (Salinger Nine 22) The way that Salinger describes the chair and the bookcase exemplifies this point. Salinger does not want the reader to ever lose interest in his story. The "filthy slush" lets the reader feel what is actually happening in the story. This paragraph is an example of very strong imagery. Salinger repeats this description often throughout the story often intertwined with episodes of dialogue. This style of writing keeps the work flowing. Another prime example of Salinger's detail can be found in one simple sentence. "Her voice sounded strangely leveled off, stripped of even the ghost of italics," says the narrator in Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters. This one sentence lets the reader get a very clear picture to what is going on. The reader always knows what each of the characters is doing as though not to lose track of them (Kazin 296). Salinger also excels at developing his characters in a very short time (Kazin 296). A short story does not leave very much time for character development. Salinger's unique style and superb use of detail allow for the reader to really get to know each character as well as possible.

Gods

Plautus, A Haunted House In the play, â€Å"Plautus, A Haunted House† starts off with a young man, Philolaches, whose his father has been away from town, has been partying and has been wasting his family fortune on his mistress. While the son is in no condition to talk to his father due to being intoxicated, his slave, Tranio comes up with a scheme to deceive the old man from catching his son from partying. Tranio, redefined his role as a trickster in the play and along with all his charisma made this into a countless comedy play.In the final scene of The Haunted House, Plautus demonstrate the identity is destiny by representing the character types and personality and having them maintain their identity while everyone else goes back to status quos. Plautus, start of the play by introducing the characters types and their personality to the audience. He demonstrates how identity is destiny and how it relates to the characters in the play. To define identity is destiny it means t hat each character is given a role, and at the end of the play, the character keeps their identity and remains the same.What this mean is Philolaches plays the irresponsible guy and Tranio plays the smart clever slave. Even though this was their identity in the beginning, at the end of the play their identity didn’t change at all. In the scene where Philolaches had his friend Callidamates come up to his father so that he doesn’t have to face him and beg for his forgiveness. Callidamates said, â€Å" You know well that I'm the very closest friend your son has got. Since he's too ashamed to set a single foot in sight of you, knowing that you know all that's been done, he came and asked my help.Now I beg of you, forgive his youth and folly-he's your son. † This scene shows that even though Philolaches is a spoiled wealthy kid, it shows that his identity will remain the same. He’s always going to be the irresponsible young man who asked Tranio and CALLIDAMATE S to talked to his father because he was scared to get punished by his father. At the end of the scene, Plautus had the characters returned to their status quo. To maintain the status quo is to keep the things the way they presently are.After all the tragedy that happened, at the end of the scene everyone went back to normal. In the beginning of the scene it talks about the identity of the characters and that no matter what the situation was, the character would still maintain their own identity. The phase Identity is destiny and status quos demonstrate that no matter what the character did in the play, their personality and their role will remain the same. Plautus did a great job of defining the characters traits and imputed comedian material to his play.

The Many Forms of the Verb TO BE

The Many Forms of the Verb TO BE The Many Forms of the Verb TO BE The Many Forms of the Verb TO BE By Maeve Maddox After reading O Second Person Where Art Thou reader Bill G asks: How can I explain to my students why the singular â€Å"you† takes the plural verb â€Å"are?† Is there something obvious I am missing? Even â€Å"thou† took â€Å"art.† What is the history of this shift? The answer to the first part of this question is that are is the form of the verb that goes with you. If you can be either singular or plural, so can are: You are the one person I love. (singular) You are the best friends in the world. (plural) The only other word for are that ever went with you was sind (or sindon). Clearly, that one hasnt survived into Modern English. Of all Modern English verbs, to be has the most forms: am, are, is, was, were, be, being, been. In addition, the helping verb will is used to form a future tense with be (e.g. I will be with you in a minute.) The forms are so different in appearance that they dont seem to belong to the same verb. The fact is, they dont. Oh, they do now, but they came from three different roots and merged in the Old English verbs beon and wesan. (NOTE: Since I dont know how to import the special OE symbols, Ill use th for the /th/ sound and y for the yot.) In a conjugation of the Old English (West Saxon dialect) verb beon/wesan, todays English speaker will recognize the modern forms in: ic eom =I am thu eart =thou art ic waes =I was ye waere =you were You are, however, was written in West Saxon as ye sind. Although ye earun or ye aron did exist in a northern dialect of Old English, sind is the word for are in most of the Old English literature that survives. But for a fluke of history, we could just as easily be saying you sind as you are. An interesting footnote is that English once had three grammatical numbers and not just two. Modern English has two numbers: singular and plural. Old English had three: singular, dual, and plural. Each number had its own set of pronouns: First person: ic=I wit =two-person we we =more-than-two-persons we Second person: thu = thou yit =you two ye =yall Third person: he =he hit =it heo =she hie =they (For a complete explanation, see the relevant sections in Sweets Anglo-Saxon Primer or Wardales An Old English Grammar.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?3 Cases of Complicated HyphenationThe Uses of â€Å"The†

power vs freedom essays

power vs freedom essays In the world today many different elements make up a good government. Everybody has their own opinion about each element's importance, as well as I do. If I were to create a government for a group of people, power, order, and equality would be my top three elements I would choose. In todays world I feel power is a necessity in our government. To me, without power, people would do what ever they want, whenever they want because they know there is nobody who can punish them. I feel without power in our government many people would be lost, nobody would have any direction. The world would be dirty, uneducated and careless. With our government having power people will be part of the right track and people will be better behaved. Power can establish many things. One thing that power can establish and that I feel is very important in government is order. I feel order is the second most important element to create a government. Power can make an order and with this order, jobs will get done a lot faster, easier and more sufficient. If there was not an order everybody on this land would go crazy at some point. People would be running around doing things, but in the end accomplish nothing. With order people know what other people are doing so they do not do the same job over and over again. By having order everybody would be organized and less stressed out. People would know exactly what they need to do and when they need to do it. Having order in our government would decrease problems and allow more time to learn new things. In todays world an order or a process has to happen for everything, without it, our world would be a disaster and nobody would accomplish anything. A third element of government that I feel is important is equality. By having everybody equal in the country people will be nicer and more understanding. Equality is what makes America so great. Everybodys voice is important an ...

Processing & Packaging of a Specified Prepared Chilled Food Product Assignment

Processing & Packaging of a Specified Prepared Chilled Food Product - Assignment Example Such chain incorporates consumer refrigerators and retail displays. The chilled food must be microbiologically safe at the consumption point by controlling pathogens that lead to food-born disorders. The integrity of the entire food chain determines the quality and safety of chilled food including storage and preparation by the consumers. However, the diversity of raw material, conditions for processing and packaging system presents impossibility for designing the effective single framework for microbiological safety. Manufacturers have hard tasks to comply with legislation and safety requirements (International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods. 2005). They must ensure raw material quality, temperature, acidity, water, modified temperature and hygienic processing. Such consideration collapse into designing sufficient control of microbiological growth. Thus, preventing food spoilage and development of conditions that facilitate the occurrence of food-borne diseas es. The manufacturer must, therefore, determine the effective choice and merger of such safety elements to hit an optimum shelf life for products. Further, the manufacturer establishes product usage conditions that ensure food safety for consumer utilization. The product that I will discuss in this essay is Pizza Dough. The dough is a lean, yeast-leavened bread-type dough. It is similar to the French bread and Middle Eastern flat breads. The Pizza crusts or shell fall under thin or thick crust. There may be a variation in the formulation of crust based on makeup equipment, desired eating properties, and thickness. However, the commercial and wholesale Pizza dough has a higher level of fats that help with the greater speed dough processing. The ingredients include flour, yeast, shortening or vegetable oil, salt, water and sugar. There are also a number of optional ingredients such as reducing agents, mold inhibitors, and

The Use of Databases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Use of Databases - Essay Example While selecting a database for a small organization like real estate business, Microsoft Access is the best. It gives an easy layout to design a database of our own, with wizard facility. In a small real estate business, tens of customers visit everyday and tell us about their requirements. Some needs to have house on rent and some wants to buy a house. Even few comes here to sell their house. So in order to keep a record of all these, we need to have a Database. So that whenever a customer comes here to seek a house on rent, we can show him/her a list that contains all the houses that we got. It can only be done with the help of a Database. A Database can not only store the information but it can give us the printable form of the data as well in Reports. The first thing while develop a Database is that we created tables, as they actually store the data in them. But the interface is provided with the help of forms. And we can access the data in our Database with the help of Queries that works simply as question been asked. This Database contains a table of permanent customers that includes their names, with a unique ID, contact number and address as well. The other table contains the list of houses that are available on rent. This table contains all the information about these houses, their size, location, number of rooms and the rent money as well. The other table contains the list of houses that are there to be sold. It also contains all information about them, like size, location, number of rooms and their prices. Another table contains the list of customers that are willing to rent a house. This table contains their demands as well, that what kind of house they need and the location, size and number of rooms in it. The other table contains the customer's details that want to buy a house. And also their demands. The above mentioned both tables contains the contact number of customers as well, so that they can be contacted when needed. Another table deals with the employees of the firm. The firm has 10 employees working at present. Two employees are for office work and eight are the salesmen. The table contains their details, like their names with a unique ID, their addresses, contact numbers, date of joining the firm, starting salary, current salary, and also their account numbers. The computer operator in the firm uses Forms to enter data in the database. Forms are the interface provided by the database so that data can be entered more conveniently. There is a main form, which gives the main menu, ask the operator whether he wants to enter employee information or customer information. In employee section he can enter the information for new employee or he can update the record of existing employee as well. In Customers section, he can enter the information about the customers who are looking for a house to rent and also those who are willing to give their houses on rent. And also the customers who want to buy a house and their demands as well and also the customer's information who are looking for the buyer. Queries are used, so that we can quickly have the information for our required house. Suppose a customer is looking for a house with three rooms in downtown, we can simply put the number of rooms a